The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison - 2489 Words

â€Å"I AM AN invisible man.† A story of obstacles of durable struggle, but hope, and everlasting search for voice in a narrow-minded society; The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison depicts the dehumanization and feeling of being ostracized in society, of one man. Imagine a time when everyone you encounter have a racial thought or credibility toward your own races, never considering the fact that who you are as a person does not matter worth a dime. You are better determines on shade of your skin which hide your voice effectively towards America. Finding a grinning face on a black male face is rare occasion back then probably invisible to the naked eye. Ralph Ellison in the invisible man uses character development and voice to describe the blindness and invisibility the protagonist feels but the larger motif Ellison alludes to in society. The challenges that are faced through the eyes of the narrator of The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison give’s the audience the outlook of a man’s struggle to find a place in society where he no longer feels invisible. To begin with, The Invisible Man’s impact to society’s outlook towards African-American’s brought to light how society impacts individuals and how they each see the world. The Invisible Man prompts the world with idealistic thoughts that goes throughout or forceful matters in literacy. To put it another way â€Å"The book was called Black Fiction (Rosenblatt), Ellison was only 39 when the first-person narrative became the bestsellerShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words   |  6 Pagesfighter left standing, amidst unbridled carnage. The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to fight several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful im age of American race relations and womenRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words   |  8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pagestrying to rebel against the status quo. Protest literature emerged from the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920’s to 1930’s. Protest literature is used to address real socio-political issues and express objections against them. In his novel, The Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison exposes the racism in society by focusing on the culture, in regards to the expected assimilation of African Americans and how the time period largely influenced the mistreatment of the African A merican population. He also uses symbolsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1246 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor of Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison, was born March 1st, 1914, and died April 16, 1994. He was born in Oklahoma City and named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous journalist and poet. When Ellison was 3, his father died of a work-related accident, leaving his mother to care for him and his younger brother. As a young boy, he always wanted to major in music, and he went to Tuskegee University to become a composer and performer of music. The summer before his senior year in college, Ellison went toRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison909 Words   |  4 PagesInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a novel which embodies the universal theme of self-discovery, of the search to figure out who one truly is in life which we all are embarked upon. Throughout the text, the narrator is constantly wondering about who he really is, and evaluating the different identities which he assumes fo r himself. He progresses from being a hopeful student with a bright future to being just another poor black laborer in New Your City to being a fairly well off spokesperson for aRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a story about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hurdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, â€Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I was† (Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison3051 Words   |  13 Pagesportrayed through the narrator’s, the invisible man, journey through life. The problems with society are foreshadowed by the racism and the symbols of the color white presented in the paint plant. â€Å"The Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison depicts the African Americans struggle to be viewed as an equal member of society through the narrators struggles through life to discover his individuality or place in society while the white man or the community conspires to â€Å"keep the black man down†. The story follows theRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison977 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: Invisible Man Invisible Man is an American Literature novel published by Ralph Ellison in 1952. The novel traces the experiences of a young college black man growing up in Harlem, New York. Attempting to succeed in a predominantly white society, the narrator encounters shocks and disillusionments from being expelled from college to hiding in an underground hole to protect himself from the people above. He lives a repressed life as an â€Å"Invisible Man† for he believes that society ignoresRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1032 Words   |  5 Pageslike modern society some people leads, and others will follow. Subjects will conditionally generate their own ideas and realize these ideas rather than just be assigned tasks that question their beliefs. The author Ralph Ellison illustrates it best. Ellison’s realistic fiction Invisible Man perpetuates the manifestation of manipulation over the minorities in this society. As the narrator embraces every identity he has been given, h e starts to become more independent, and a leader in his community. Read MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1481 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans in the early twentieth century. This includes black nationalism, the relationship between black identity and Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. The grandson of slaves, Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His

Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas’ “Waiting” Free Essays

Among the most interesting work of modern art on display in the J. Paul Getty Museum is Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas’ â€Å"Waiting,† a pastel painting done around 1882. In this work, Degas captures the picture of a young ballerina and an older woman sitting on a bench, apparently waiting for something to happen or someone to arrive. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas’ â€Å"Waiting† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The painting is a study of the sharp contrast between youth and old age, which is illustrated in the play of colors, light, and shadows that the painter carefully preserved in his work. The young ballerina is painted in soft colors of gold, blue, and cream which reflect the light while the older woman is garbed in black. In the same manner, the younger subject is painted to suggest motion, energy and restlessness; here she is massaging her feet, apparently waiting for a performance to begin. The woman, on the other hand, is immobile, devoid of light movement and comes across to be waiting for the action to end so she can rest. Degas’ â€Å"Waiting† is displayed in a small dark room located on the left side of the museum entrance. Exhibited along with it are German painter Joseph Vivien’s â€Å"Portrait of a Man† and Swiss painter Jean-Étienne Liotard’s â€Å"Maria Frederike van Reede-Athlone at Seven.† The darkness of the room brings out the sharp contrast in colors and the use of light in the pastels. Likewise, its small size is clearly meant to convey a sense of intimacy wherein the viewer feels a sense of privilege at catching a glimpse of so personal a thing as an individual’s portrait. The arrangement of the paintings depicts the various influences of artists according to their respective periods. In particular, the works show the progression of portraiture and the use of pastel as a medium since Vivien’s â€Å"Portrait of a Man† in 1725 to Degas’ â€Å"Waiting† a century and a half later. It is clear that Degas’ work is a huge departure from the conventional concept of painting people’s portraits. Vivien’s portrait is carefully composed according to the artistic conventions of balance and color; its subject is self-consciously positioned at the center of the canvass, capturing the face, and his figure appears to come out of the shadows. Vivien’s colors are austere and sombre, which reflects the prevailing style at that time. Liotard’s â€Å"Maria Frederike van Reede-Athlone,† on the other hand, reflects a subtle change in the painter’s pallet from Vivien’s dark, muted colors to bold, albeit cold tones. However, the same rule is applied regarding the subject’s position. Hence, Degas’ â€Å"Waiting† stands out in sharp contrast to the two paintings. First, he clearly circumvents the prevailing concept of portraiture by showing two subjects who assume positions that are not usually accepted in portraiture: the young girl is shown massaging her feet, which makes her face unseen by the audience, while the woman’s face is half-covered by her hat. Degas also draws his subjects from a very different angle and perspective; he is obviously not as interested in showing their facial countenances as in showing their characters through body language. He also abandons the dark tones in favor of bold, bright, and warm colors to create dramatic contrasts in his work. â€Å"Waiting† illustrates Degas’ affinity with the impressionist movement, although he apparently abhorred being called one because of major ideological rifts with prominent impressionist painters. He particularly criticized his self-confessed impressionist contemporaries for their practice of painting in â€Å"plein-air† as he believed that it was tantamount to copying which interfered with the artist’s imagination. (Smith 58) Nevertheless, Degas’ work clearly shares the same impressionist characteristics as shown in his style and choice of events and people of everyday life as subjects. Like the works of most impressionist painters such as Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Jean Frederic Bazille, and Camille Pissarro, Degas’ â€Å"Waiting† reflected the belief that â€Å"art should relate to the real world and reflect modern life† as opposed to painting religious and mythological figures that was traditionally favored by connosieurs of high art. (Snider) Its choice of subject, a ballerina and her companion in the process of waiting, captures an aspect of modern French life. Its style undoubtedly mirrors the impressionists’ fascination with capturing light in the most realistic manner, and its colors also carry the impressionist preference for warm, vibrant tones that suggest movement and life. Although Degas’ works and his obsession with the figures of women, particularly dancers, in his paintings have often invited varied interpretation from art critics and academicians, it is clear that his middle-class background and upbringing has tremendous influence in shaping his choice of subjects. (Theodore 145) Reff Theodore infers that Degas’ passion for painting movement arose from his early exposure to the ballet which was â€Å"a familiar part of the contemporary scene† in nineteenth century Paris. (145) The impact of Degas’ background is also seen in his being â€Å"deeply concerned with truth for its own sake, in probing life beneath the crust of good manners† (Nicolson 172) in his depiction of Parisian modern life. In â€Å"Waiting,† Degas honestly portrays the differences between his subjects, in effect making a statement about the sad truth that the young ballerina, with all her vibrancy and beauty, will soon pass into the life of her companion, drained and weary of the world. It is suggested that Degas’ and other impressionists’ ideas were largely influenced by the rapid technological and social developments of their time. Indeed, impressionism drew much of its ideas from innovations, techniques, and concepts in photography. (Snider) Clearly, Degas and his contemporaries were so impressed by the ability of photographs to capture the exact effect of light on its subjects that they sought to recreate this ability in their paintings. Other painters, like Monet, even tried to copy the photographic effects of varying shutter speeds in his work. (Snider) Degas’ background as an artist produced and molded by extraordinary and tumultous changes in his time that was brought about by the rapid industrialization of France and all of Europe, his pastel work â€Å"Waiting† could be displayed in another gallery together with Claude Monet’s â€Å"Gare Saint-Lazare,† a painting which shows the Saint-Lazare train station. This painting would give a contemporary audience an idea of â€Å"Waiting’s† background as the train is a ubiquitous symbol of the industrial revolution which gripped not only the economic but also cultural life of Europe in Degas’ time. Hence, Monet’s work sets the mood for Degas’ curious study of youth and old age in the age of modernity, where everything passes quickly. Other works that could be exhibited alongside Degas’ â€Å"Waiting† is Auguste Renoir’s painting â€Å"The Dance at the Moulin Delagalette† and Degas’ own work â€Å"The Millinery Shop† which shows the social activities of the French middle class and the activities of working-class women, respectively. The two paintings would also highlight the contrast that Degas sought to portray in his subjects, wherein Renoir’s middle-class subjects, painted as they socialize in a party, is compared with a lone woman while making hats that are ostensibly worn by those who can afford it. Likewise, Andy Warhol’s â€Å"Campbell Soup Cans† would also be a fitting touch to the gallery as it signifies the advent of mass production. Although Warhol’s work is at odds with the impressionist theme of Degas’ work, it nevertheless echoes the â€Å"ordinariness† and repetitive pattern of modern life that Degas captures in his painting. Works Cited: Nicolson, Benedict. â€Å"Degas’ Monotypes.† The Burlington Magazine 100.662 (May 1958):172-175 Reff, Theodore. â€Å"Edgar Degas and the Dance.† Arts Magazine 53.3(November 1978):145-149. Smith, George E. â€Å"James, Degas, and the Modern View.† NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 21.1 (Autumn 1987): 56-72 Snider, Lindsay. â€Å"A Lasting Impression: French Painters Revolutionize the Art World.† The History Teacher, 25.1(November 2001). 5 May 2008. http://historycooperative.org/ How to cite Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas’ â€Å"Waiting†, Essay examples

Knowledge Management in Hewlett-Packard Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.List the Knowledge Management Initiatives adopted by HP? 2.Explain the Impact of adopting Knowledge Management Practices on HPs Success. 3.The Case Study Indicated that HP has used Lotus notes as a technology vehicle to Establish different Knowledge Bases. Conduct a Brief search about Lotus notes and Explain how it is useful in Establishing a Knowledge base. What is the Importance of having a Knowledge base in Knowledge Management? 4. Why do you think the Training Review never took off? What could have Karney done in order to make it Work?5. What are the Incentives that Karney used to promote the Knowledge Bases? What was the Effect of those Incentives?6. Karney declared that there is a risk with the Knowledge Base. What was it and how did he Propose to Overcome it? 7. Why do you think the Knowledge Management with PPO Customers Initiative did not succeed? Answers: Introduction Knowledge management is the process in which information and knowledge are captured, organized and efficiently distributed. It involves an approach that identifies, evaluates and shares all the knowledge pertaining an organization. Knowledge management is crucial to the success of the organization. HP is an organization that applied the knowledge management policy to identify its strengths, evaluates its market and improve the overall performance of the organization. 1.Adopted knowledge management initiatives Hewlett-Packard Company adopted three knowledge management initiatives (Goh, et al., 2011). The management held a sequence of seminars on knowledge management. The initiative was to bring together all people all people within the organization. They came up with the three knowledge management projects. Creating a bond of the experts This was intended to be the source of knowledge for human resources in the company labs. Tony Carrozza, one of the Information Technical Engineer, developed a directory known as Connex, where all employees profiles are set, basing on their knowledge in particular fields. Trainers Trading Post HP adopted this initiative with the aim of having educators distributed across the company. This were the people who found it hard to share knowledge, and the idea was to work on a common method of sharing knowledge among the educators and trainers Development of knowledge links This involved a collection of knowledge on the development of products in the company in a knowledge link .it contained information obtained from expertise by the knowledge information editors. However, this goal failed, and the network was not developed. This led to the development of HP Network News database that contained the FAQs section on their products to assist customers (Goh, et al., 2011) 2.Impact of adopting knowledge management practices The dissemination of knowledge within the business units was highly achieved in HP. The workshop enabled the various groups to gain expertise in the management of information within the company.Through Trainers Trading Post more knowledge was shared by educators and a great improvement was noted among those individuals who had a problem with sharing knowledge. HP realized a massive flow of methods and ideas among the internal employees with the help of Lotus Notes Technology .the shared knowledge has led to the development of high-tech products. Through Knowledge management, faster decision making was realized. When internal business units, came together in large numbers, various opinions were generated which helped in making decisions (Baets, 2005). Workgroups brought together their actual experiences in their fields, which helped in shared ideas that shaped HPs decisions. Creating Connex, aimed at taking advantage of the experiences of existent experts in HP. This created teamwork among members. They benefited from knowledge contributed by each learning from experiences of other people is beneficial, increasing productivity since members apply the acquired knowledge in the current requisites. 3. Lotus Notes Lotus Notes is a software application that arranges and portrays databases to the users business workspace. According to Calabria and Burke (2002), Lotus Notes combines applications in business, messaging and e-mailing and collaboration into one workstation.It is an importation tool in sharing informing thus creating a knowledge database. It is crucial in every business because of its integration power, where a business uses it for emails team working, collaborative learning and knowledge management under the same space. Through developments, Lotus Notes is used in various ways in knowledge, management to create a knowledge base. This is created when individuals in business are involved in sharing of opinions, ideas, and their experiences. This creates a collaborative database that contains all the information thats is shared and discussed through the emails (Trochim, Arora and Donnelly, 2016). In knowledge management, a knowledge base important because some of the information stored may need to be updated over time as well as for future reference. .the information stored may also be used training to other new recruits in an organization. A knowledge base increases productivity in the business, this due to the fact, employees spend more time searching reviewing information on how to perform work. The team working, is another benefit of the knowledge base. This is because some employees use the stored information to work together and combine their opinions on stored data. 4.Failed training review The training review failed because of the educator's reluctance to share their opinions through online databases on the importance of evaluations materials and those who provided them. The lack of motivation by the employees was the major setback. They felt that there was no motivation in the collection of the reports, such as rewards for doing so. This member of the organization lacked the initiative to adopt the consumer reports and get knowledge from them. In realization of why the Training Review failed, Karney would have created a structure that eliminates the hindrances that were hindering members from sharing knowledge through the evaluation of consumer reports.' They are major steps involved in designing a successful structure for the interaction. First, the kidney would have a created an interactive virtual environment where members would share their knowledge on the consumer reports in an interesting manner. This virtual space would be ideal in discussing the importance of consumer market. With every idea and material evaluated, a member would earn points. Those with the highest points would have a chance to attended conferences with high profile marketers in the United States. Secondly, while earning points, members would feel, that there is a reward, in engaging in the knowledge sharing. Hence, all members would strive in earning the highest points. Karney needed to come up with a motivational system to spearhead the engagemen t by members in the training review. Lastly, in every knowledge sharing platform, leaders need to act as an example to the members by taking part in the process of sharing knowledge. In this scenarios, Karney would have been involved in engaging with other members. This would have made the platform easier and more systematic by being a part of it. If leaders engage, members would be motivated to do as well. 5.Incentives to promote knowledge bases. Karney promoted knowledge bases by using incentives. He used different incentives to create motivation in members. He issued the free miles. This were Notes given freely to the users who engaged in the knowledge databases. In addition, he enabled earning points through every contribution made by a member. Karney used voice mail persuasions as well as emails to increase the number of the contribution made by members. This incentive had impacts, to the knowledge bases. For example, through the free notes, a lot of members engaged more in submitting contributions as well as reading what had been shared.Within a period of a year, at least 67% of the educators had read posts while 63% had contributed to the knowledge gathered. Incentives have led to increased motivation among members to share knowledge on the various topics on products, market and competitive advantage in HP. There was an increasing number of members who participated, thus a noted increase in the knowledge sharing. There was a lot of new information disseminated in the knowledge databases that enriched HP at large. The members of this organization assumed a positive approach to the knowledge sharing process due to the incentives. They realized the importance of knowledge gathered and how it was impacting the organization positively. Enrichment in knowledge led to more innovations and more productivity among members (House and Price, 2009). 6.Risks in knowledge bases Karney pointed out that the knowledge base was in danger of going down if there lacked someone to push for it. Karney realized that if he did not follow up on the database, it could not thrive in the company and there would be fewer contributions. In this case, there was no teamwork and self-motivation to manage the databases. Karney realized that the knowledge bases solely dependent on a promoter to steer motivation for the members to engage. There was a need to create the spirit of virtual teamwork among members so that, the knowledge database could run without his presence. This involved initiating an interest among members on the importance of knowledge databases and their impact on their performance. This would be achieved by creating training opportunities for the employees, to create awareness on the need and importance of the knowledge databases, (Ishikawa Naka, 2007). Teamwork is used to create the culture of an organization, improve unity among workers and to increase performance in the organization. HP needs to create the spirit of teamwork for members to have the personal initiative energy to be able to appreciate knowledge bases. There was a need for Karney create a committed staff to be accountable for the database rather than holding everyone accountable. 7.Knowledge with PPO customers initiative Summarizing knowledge across all PPO was considered beyond limits of HP and did not succeed. The knowledge links needed a lot of members and experts to work on and set it up, but in HP, there were members to maintain this database with time, (2014, HP). This members lack the zeal to engage in the database systems. Due to the need for a wide range of knowledge that was required by knowledge links, this system was not built due to the lack of experts in the fields required. Since HP did not have a committed team to work with, it was going to be difficult to generate knowledge for the PPO customers initiative. This initiative needed all the members of HP to be dedicated to contributing content, but they lacked motivation and needed to be pushed to do it This initiative was calling for a very wide range of information that HP could not handle. There were gaps in the knowledge expertise among the HP team which would not fit the requirements of the PPO customer knowledge management. There was no need for HP to build a system that they were not going to keep up with since it would have created the wrong image in the market leading to customer loss. PPO knowledge management project The current projects that HP is working on are; the first project involves the information on HPs organization competitors. The second involves creating a link that is web based for all the information gathered on research. Lastly, the final system is intended to manage marketing intelligence internationally, (Goldman Reyes 2008). These projects are likely to face various risks in their implementation. One of the major risks is the barriers in technology. This software could face several breakdowns leading to the loss of the information gathered. To maintain the software, HP would require incurring high costs which would impact negatively to the organization .another technological barrier is that of IT literacy among members of the organization .lack of know-how on operating this system may be a major setback for the accomplishments of this systems. The other major risk likely to face this projects is the lack of content. Content for this systems requires a lot of research .this barrier links to individuals in the organization. Are the individuals willing to get high-quality content for over a long period and do they have the skills to generate this content? To work with IT, technology members of the organization need to have knowledge of the type of information to be put across. They are various ways to overcome these risks in the organization. The first initiative is to train the members on how these systems work and the technology they use. This enables the members to be fully equipped on how these projects work. On the content risk, only members with the expertise required should be in charge of this projects to generate useful content. References Baets, W. R. J. (2005). Knowledge management and management learning: extending the horizons of knowledge-based management. Springer E-Books. New York, Springer. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=302834. Draghici, A. (2007). New Business Requirements in the Knowledge-Based Society. Dudek D., (2014). HP. Amsterdam, Medianet . Goldman, R. L., Reyes, J. G. (2008). The PPO. Health Marketing Quarterly. 1, 101-107. Goh, Mark, Thompson, S. H. Teo, Nishant, Rohit, Agarwal, Sameer. (2011). Leveraging collaborative technologies to build a knowledge sharing culture at HP Analytics. MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 10, No. 1, Pp. 1-18. Indiana: Indiana University. https://researchoutputs.unisa.edu.au/1959.8/123650 House, C. H., Price, R. L. (2009). The HP Phenomenon: Innovation and Business Transformation. Palo Alto, Stanford University Press. Available from https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=543987. Hooper, K. (2011). IBM Lotus Notes 8.5 user guide: Lite: a practical, hands-on user guide with time-saving tips and comprehensive instructions for using the Lotus Notes client interface and mail effectively and efficiently. Birmingham, UK, Packt Publishing. International Conference on Knowledge Management in Organizations, Uden, L. (2013). The 8th International Conference on Knowledge Management in Organizations: social and big data computing for knowledge management. Available from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=638849 Ishikawa, A., Naka, I. (2007). Knowledge management and risk strategies. Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific. Available from https://site.ebrary.com/id/10188784. Jennex, M. E. (2009). Knowledge management, organizational memory, and transfer behavior: global approaches and advancements. Hershey, PA, Information Science Reference. Available from https://site.ebrary.com/id/10257336 LI, J., Cao, L., Wang, C., Tan, K. C., Liu, B., Pei, J., Tseng, V. S. (2013). Trends and applications in knowledge discovery and data mining: PAKDD 2013 International Workshops: DMApps, DANTH, QIMIE, BDM, CDA, CloudSD, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, And April 14-17, 2013: revised selected papers. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3092986. Rhoads, E., O'sullivan, K. J., Stankosky, M. J. (2007). An Evaluation of Factors that Influence the Success of Knowledge Management Practices in U.S. Federal Agencies. International Journal of Knowledge Management. 3, 31-46 Ruhe, G., Wohlin, C. (2014). Software project management in a changing world. Available from https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1965576. Schiuma, G., Iwaarden, J. V., Carlucci, D. (2014). Knowledge-based value creation dynamics in 21st-century organizations. Bradford, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available from https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1752808. Steven Y., (2010). PPO annual. Melbourne, Great Southern Press. Trochim, W. M. K., Arora, K., Donnelly, J. P. (2016). Research methods: the essential knowledge base. Boston, MA, Cengage Learning. CALABRIA, J., BURKE, D. (2002). Lotus Notes. Indianapolis, Que. Available from https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/078